蜻蜓行為大解密

Secrets of Dragonfly Behavior

蜻豆初開時–臺北動物園蜻蜓特展

蜻蜓行為大解密

Secrets of Dragonfly Behavior

蜻蜓與豆娘是空中的霸王，擁有超高的飛行能力，不但飛行十分快速，還可以急停、滑翔、向後飛行和垂直升降，加上一雙特大的複眼，使牠能夠於瞬間對外來的刺激作出反應。

Dragonflies and damselflies are the kings of the sky. They have excellent flying capabilities and fly very fast. They can also stop, glide, fly backwards, and rise vertically. With a pair of extra-large compound eyes, they can react instantly.

蜻蜓常見的行為

欣賞蜻蜓時，你知道蜻蜓有許多奇特的行為嗎？一起來認識吧！

連結｜追逐｜飛行｜交配｜羽化｜被捕食｜捕食｜產卵｜停棲｜清潔

追逐、停棲

Chase and perch

大部份的雄蟲都有領域性，在羽化和成熟後，牠們會回到水邊找尋適合雌蟲產卵的生育地做為自己的領地，並且加以守衛不讓其它同種雄蟲入侵。

Most male individuals are territorial. After adult emergence, they return to waterside in search of a breeding territory, and guard it against invasion from other males of the same kind.

不同種類的蜻蜓守領域的方式亦不同，有的定點高佔水邊的枝頭，有的則是在水面上空來回飛行巡遊。

Different kinds of dragonflies defend their territory in different ways. Some perch on a high point while others cruise around above the surface of water.

領域內通常包含了適合雌蟲產卵的場所，例如漂浮的枯枝落葉、滋生藻類的水面、水邊的泥灘地或草叢，或是樹林邊的小水坑。

The territory usually contains suitable places for egg-laying, such as floating leaf-litters or debris, moss-growing surface, a muddy shore, the grass, or the puddles in the woods.

雄蟲間的敵對行為不外乎是來回互相追逐，或是面對面的空中對峙。翅膀有特殊斑紋的種類，如脊紋鼓蟌、棋紋鼓蟌以及中華珈蟌，常會為了秀出這些斑紋而有特別的拍翅展示行為。

The rivalry behaviors among the males include chasing back and forth and jostling in the air. Some damselflies exhibit unique patterns and coloration on their wings, such as Lineated Orange Jewel (Libellago lineata lineata), Common Blue Jewel (Heliocypha perforata perforate), and Formosan Piedwing (Psolodesmus mandarinus). They have particular wing-flapping behaviors in order to showcase their brindles and streaks.

雄蟲守領域方式

The Male’s Territory Defending Tactics

水平式

Horizontal perching position

• 春蜓科 (Gomphidae)
• 大部份的豆娘 most damselflies

斜立式

Diagonal perch position

• 蜻蜓科 Skimmers (Libellulidae)
• 少部份的豆娘 a few damselflies

懸掛式

Hanging perch position

• 勾蜓科 Spiketails (Cordulegastridae)
• 晏蜓科 Hawkers (Aeshnidae)
• 弓蜓科 Green-eyed skimmers (Corduliidae)
• 蹣蟌科 Flatwings (Megapodagrionidae)
• 絲蟌科 Spread-winged damselflies (Lestidae)
• 洵蟌科 Sylphs (Synlestidae)

巡遊型

Patrolling

• 勾蜓科 Spiketails (Cordulegastridae)
• 晏蜓科 Hawkers (Aeshnidae)
• 弓蜓科 Green-eyed skimmers (Corduliidae)
• 少數蜻蜓科 a few Skimmers (Libellulidae)

求偶

Courtship

基本上，蜻蜓少有求偶行為，雄蟲發現雌蟲後，通常都是採用霸王硬上弓的策略，直接抓住雌蟲交配。

Dragonflies and damselflies rarely engage in elaborate courtship behaviors. When a female is found, a male typically adopts a forceful approach and grabs her directly.

求偶

1雄蟲快速拍翅吸引雌蟲

2雄蟲拍翅並反折腹部末端

3露出腹面的黃色斑紋

4有時會坐臥水面上漂流

棋紋鼓蟌跟白痣珈蟌是少數的例外，棋紋鼓蟌求偶時，會對著雌蟲向前伸出白色的中後足，做出類似邀請的行為；而白痣珈蟌雄蟲則會貼近水面、快速拍動翅膀繞著雌蟲飛，同時向上彎曲腹部末端，露出腹面的黃色斑紋。

Common blue jewels (Heliocypha perforata perforata) and Formosan Jewelwings (Matrona cyanoptera) are exceptions. When courting, a male Common blue jewel extends its white median, or hind leg toward the female, as if it is an inviting gesture. Male Formosan jewelwings would hover around females along the surface of water, flapping their wings while curving the end of their abdomen upwards, exposing their yellow streaks.

交配

Copulation

蜻蜓的交配行為有動有靜，配對的雌雄蟲可能會找一個安全的地方停棲，並持續幾分鐘至幾十分鐘，而有些種類僅花費十幾秒就在空中完成。

The mating behaviors in dragonflies and damselflies are like complex choreography. The pair may find a safe place for mating, which could take a few to tens of minutes. For some species, however, it can be done within seconds in the air.

交配前，雄蟲會用尾部攫握器夾住雌蟲頭部後方

交配時，雄蟲會先用腹部末端的攫握器抓住雌蟲的頭部後緣或前胸(照片)，形成雄蟲在前、雌蟲在後的串連(tandem)狀態；接著雌蟲向前彎曲腹部，讓腹部末端的產卵管與雄蟲第二腹節的副生殖器相接，以接收雄蟲的精子，此時兩者處於圈合(wheel)的姿態就像是一個愛心。

When copulating, the male first grabs the female from behind its head or at upper thorax, hence flying in “tandem” with the male in the front. The female then bends her abdomen toward the male, and connects the end of her abdomen to the male’s secondary genitalia to receive the male’s semen, forming a heart-shaped wheel.

交配

廣腹蜻蜓

長痣絲蟌

白刃蜻蜓

中華珈蟌

短腹幽蟌

紅腹細蟌

小紅蜻蜓

產卵

Egg-laying

蜻蜓的產卵方式因雌蟲產卵管形狀的差異而不同。豆娘及晏蜓通常停棲在水邊植物的枝葉、枯木或泥地上產卵；牠們的產卵管發達而銳利，就像注射筒針頭一樣，可以把卵粒插入這些固體介質中。其他種類的蜻蜓雌蟲因為產卵管已消失或退化，所以必須在飛行的狀態下，利用腹部點水來散布卵粒。

Egg-laying manners of dragonflies and damselflies vary depending on the shapes of the females’ ovipositors. Damselflies and hawkers (Aeshnidae) usually lay eggs on the leaf-litters, dead woods, or muddy shore. Their ovipositors are strong and sharp, which inject the eggs into these substances much like a syringe. In other species, however, due to their vestigial ovipositors, they have to tap the surface of the water with their abdomen and shake the eggs out while they are flying.

無霸勾蜓的插秧式產卵行為是最特別的！雌蟲的產卵管又長又硬，超過腹部末端，在上下猛烈衝刺的產卵動作下，除了幫助卵粒安全深入水底的泥沙層中，又可防止腹部受撞擊而受傷。

The Giant Spiketail (Anotogaster klossi) is most renowned for its “dibbling” oviposition behavior. The female’s ovipositor is long and stiff, protruding from the end of its abdomen. Darting repeatedly onto the surface of the water, it places its eggs deep inside the safe substrate under water and keeps its abdomen from injury-causing impact.

雌蟲在交配完後，通常會馬上產卵。為了讓雌蟲不受其他雄蟲的干擾，雄蟲大多會在交配完後護衛雌蟲。

Normally the females lay eggs right after copulating. To keep the females from being disturbed by rivals, the males usually escort the females after mating.

根據雄蟲與雌蟲在產卵時的互動方式，可以將蜻蜓產卵方式分為：

The interaction between the male and the female can be categorized into the following:

•雌蟲單獨產卵 Females laying eggs alone
•雄蟲空中護衛產卵 Egg-laying with the male hovering
•雄蟲停棲護衛產卵 Egg-laying with the male escorting
•雌雄連結點水產卵 Water darting in tandem
•雌雄連結停棲產卵 Perching in tandem